Statement of Problem: In a previous study it was reported that a durable resin-ceramic tensile bond could be obtained by an appropriate silane application without the need for HF acid etching the ceramic surface. EVALUATION of the appropriate application of silane by other test methods seems to be necessary.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the interfacial FRACTURE toughness of smooth and roughened ceramic surfaces bonded with a luting resin.Materials and Methods: Ceramic discs of 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness were prepared.Four different surface preparations (n=10) were carried out consisting of (1) ceramic surface polished to a 1µm finish, (2) gritblasted with 50µm alumina, (3) etched with 10% HF for 2 min, and (4) gritblasted and etched. The ceramic discs were then embedded in PMMA resin. For the adhesive area, the discs were masked with Teflon tapes. A circular hole with diameter of 3 mm and chevron-shaped with a 90° angle was punched into a piece of Teflon tape. The exposed ceramic surfaces were treated by an optimised silane treatment followed by an unfilled resin and then a luting resin cylinder of 4mm in diameter and 11 mm in length was built. Specimens were stored in two different storage conditions: (A): Distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours and (B): Distilled water at 37°C for 30 days. The interfacial FRACTURE toughness (GIC) was measured at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. The mode of failure was examined under a stereo-zoom microscope and FRACTURE surfaces were examined under Scanning Electron Microscope.Results: The mean interfacial FRACTURE toughness values were; Group A: 1) 317.1±114.8, 2) 304.5±109.2, 3) 364.5±169.8, and 4) 379.4±127.8 J/m2±SD. Group B: 1) 255.6±134.4, 2) 648.0±185.1, 3) 629.3±182.6 and 4) 639.9 ±489.0 J/m2±SD. One way Analysis of Variance showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the mean interfacial FRACTURE toughness for groups A1-A4 (P>0.05). However, the mean interfacial FRACTURE toughness for group B1 was significantly different from that for groups B2, B3 and B4 (P<0.05). Independent-ٍٍٍSamples T-Test results showed that there was a significant increase in the GIC mean value for groups B2 and B3 after 30 days water storage (P<0.05). The modes of failure were predominantly interfacial or cohesive within the resin.Conclusions: The FRACTURE toughness test method used in this study would be appropriate for analysis of the adhesive zone of resin-ceramic systems. From the results, it can be concluded that micro-mechanical retention by gritblasting the ceramic surfaces could be sufficient with no need for HF acid etching the ceramic surfaces when an appropriate silane application procedure is used.

Background Objectives: Odontoid process FRACTUREs consist 7% to 14% of acute cervical injuries. Neurological deficits in type II of odontoid FRACTURE are more than other types.Material and method: Forty -three patients with odontoid FRACTUREs who admitted at Imam Khomeini and Shohada Hospitals in Tabriz from 1998 to 2001 were analyzed retrospectively and prospectively. Age, sex, etiology, neurological signs and symptoms, associated traumas, imaging and therapeutic procedures were evaluated. Results: Ten percent of cervical injuries were of odontoid FRACTUREs, 84% of the patients were male and about 50% of patients were 20 to 50 years old. The commonest cause of trauma was vehicle accidents (60%).Four cases had type I, 22 cases had type II and 17 cases had type III FRACTUREs. Neurological deficits in type II were more than other types. Mortality rate was higher in patients with associated traumas. Patients with type I were managed with cervical collar and patients with types II and III were treated with halo- vest in 10 cases and posterior fixation in 16 ones.Conclusion: The ratio of odontoid FRACTUREs in cervical injuries was 10%, so that is near to similar studies in the literature. The age and sex ratio of patients in our study are the same as others. Motor vehicle accident played a major role in 60% of our patients. This finding was higher in rate than similar studies (48%) which seems to be of higher occurrence of vehicle accidents in our country. The proportion of type II FRACTUREs in our study was 50% but in similar studies it was 60% to 90%.

Statement of Problem: EVALUATION of FRACTURE properties is a basic principle for true assessment of brittle materials’ properties. Resin–based composite materials are being used extensively in today’s dentistry. FRACTURE toughness is considered an important parameter for providing useful information about material’s nature, properties and its resistance to FRACTURE. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the FRACTURE toughness of a resin composite produced in the country and to compare it with that of other standard materials. Materials and Methods: Four types of resin composite materials were used as follow to prepare 60 specimens (n=15 for each group), A) Tetric Ceram (Ivoclar–Vivadent); B) Brilliant (Coltene-Whaledent); C) SpectrumTPH (Dentsply); and D) Ideal Macoo (Ideal Macoo, Iran). Specimens of 5 mm diameter (± 0.1 mm) and 2 mm depth (±0.1 mm) were prepared in a central notch (90° notch angle) PTFE mold. Then specimens were light cured with two applications of overlapping exposures for a total of 120 s and were stored in distilled water at 37ºC for 48 hours, A cylindrical roller of 3 mm diameter was seated inside the V sections and FRACTURE was accomplished in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were analyzed by one–way ANOVA and post-hoc paired Tukey HSD test with P<0.05 as the limit of significance. Results: The mean KIC and torque to FRACTURE (T) values for each material tested were; A) 3.08±0.42, 16.99±2.34, B) 2.88±0.63, 16.04±1.98; C) 3.40±0.53, 18.75±2.93 and D) 2.87±0.46, 15.78±2.57 MN/m3/2±SD and N/mm±SD, respectively. Group C showed significantly the highest mean KIC and T values among groups tested which was significantly higher than that of group B and D (P<0.05). The mean KIC and T values for groups A, B, and D were not significantly different (P>0.05). Conclusion: From evaluating the FRACTURE properties of materials tested in this study it was concluded that the mean FRACTURE toughness value for SpectrumTPH (Dentsply) was significantly higher than that of Ideal Macoo resin composite material (Ideal Macoo, Iran). The F.T value for Ideal Macoo was considered acceptable as it was not significantly different from that of other resin composite materials tested.  

Background and Aim: According to the importance of trigemino cardiac reflex (TCR) and also prevention and management of this reflex in maxillofacial surgeries, the present study was held to evaluate the TCR In lefort I osteotomy. on patients who came to Surgical Department of Buali hospital and the private office in 1386-87.Material and Method: The study was held on 30 patients at the age of 18-39 which were candidate for osteotomy lefort I surgery. TCR was defined as a drop in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR) of more than 10% to the baseline values before maxillary down FRACTURE (D.F) and coinciding with D.F. Hemodynamic parameters such as HR and MABP evaluated with continuous monitoring in different times (before, during and after down FRACTURE of maxilla). Changes in upon characteristics were analyzed.Results: 5 patients were excluded for different reasons and study was completed on 25 patients. Age of the patients was 24.6±1.6, 30% male, and 70% female. The mean HR fell 6.5% from a mean of 94.29±12.12 beats/min, before D.F to a mean of 88.08±13.6 beats/min during D.F, returning to a mean of 93.92±13.09 after D.F. The MABP fell 9.7% from to a mean of 103±15.89 mmHg before D.F to a mean of 92.99±15.19 during the D.F, returning to a mean of 99.69±13.123 after D.F. The HR and MABP after DF were not significantly different from baseline values before the DF. The mean HR drop of more than 10% to the baseline values before DF and coinciding with DF, in 25% of the patients, and also about the MABP, it fell in 45.8% of the patients.Conclusions and suggestions: The present results give evidence that stimulation or manipulation of maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve can cause TCR, leading to a significant decrease in HR and MABP under a standardized anesthetic protocol. Further studies preferably with a multicenter design are necessary to confirm the nature, description. predisposing and triggering factors and other aspects of this seemingly physiologic phenomenon.

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green city, is determined. Analysis of the green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a promising therapeutic technique for pain control in patients with pathologic FRACTUREs of vertebral bodies. Percutaneous vertebroplasty is an appropriate treatment for vertebral pathologic FRACTUREs, which is resistant to other usual treatment. It is a useful and only choice in special cases, because of less tissue damage and there is no risk of open surgery and patient's embolization is rapid. Herein we described the first case of percutaneous vertebroplasty in Yazd shahid sadoughi teaching hospital, which was done in ordybehesht 1386 in a 72 years old male with pathologic FRACTURE of 2 lumbar vertebrae. He was suffered from pain and disability and open surgery was not appropriate treatment for him.

Background: There are many methods for evaluating a traumatized metacarp. Objectives: This study sought to evaluate the accuracy of the metacarpal compression test for the diagnosis of metacarpal FRACTURE. Methods: All patients with metacarpal trauma were tested via placement of axial load (compression) on the metacarpal; induction or exacerbation of pain on each metacarp was recorded upon applying axial pressure. Then, an X-Ray imaging system was used to identify and record the presence of FRACTURE. All data were entered into a 2x2 table, and then negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value (PPV), sensitivity and specificity of the test were calculated. Results: After careful physical examination and application of the axial pressure on the metacarpal bone, 16(23. 68%) patients did not experience any pain during axial loading (none had FRACTURE). According to the statistical analyses of the data, the proposed method had a 69% specificity, 100% sensitivity, 86% PPV and 100% NPV. Conclusion: Our findings showed that axial loading applied on the metacarpal bone, when it leads to pain, is a good marker for FRACTURE. On the other hand, patients with negative test results had no FRACTURE on radiography, which emphasized 100% NPV of the test.

Introduction: In spite of ceramics’ desirable esthetics and compressive strength, they are inherently prone to FRACTURE and are weak against tensile and torsional loads. In-Ceram Alumina is a type of reinforced alumina which has been used as a core material for crowns and three units anterior bidges since 90s. Turkom-Cera is presented in the market recently which uses a simple method to produce single and multiple unit anterior and posterior restorations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the FRACTURE resistance of copings made by these systems.Materials & Methods: 40 brass dyes were prepared and divided into two groups. To make the copings, impression was taken and model dyes were made.20 ceramic coping were prepared according to manufacturers instructions for each group, cemented to brass dyes and kept in 100% moisture for one week. Load to FRACTURE test was performed by Universal testing machine and load was applied by a speed of 0.5 mm/min. FRACTURE load was recorded for each specimen. Data were collected and entered to the SPSS software and t-test was done.Results: The average FRACTURE load for Turkom-Cera was 1273 N and was 1079 N for In-Ceram Alumina. The maximum and minimum values for the first group was 2490, 530 N and for the second group was 1490, 714 N respectively. According to t-test results with P-value<0.05 there was no significant difference between the two groups.Conclusion: According to the close results for both groups, clinical performance of the Turkom-Cera ceramic copings would be similar to In-Ceram Alumina and a wide range of clinical use could be anticioated for this system.

Background & Aim: Endodontically treated molars have the risk of FRACTURE. The purpose of this study was to determine the FRACTURE strength of endodontically treated molars after treatment with various types of cavity preparations and time of load cycling intervals.Methods & Materials: In this conventional and parallel study, one hundred and seventeen extracted human molars were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups (n=39) based on cavity preparations of MOD, MOD accompanying with lingual cusp reduction (CCL) and MOD with lingual and buccal cusp reduction (CCLB). The control group consisted of thirteen intact molars. All of the teeth were filled with a packable composite (Tetric Ceram HB). Each group was divided into three subgroups (n=13) based on the load cycling: 1) without any load cycles, 2) 1000,000 and 3) 2000000 load cycles .Then the specimens were FRACTUREd in Instron testing machine by a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. The statistical analysis (ANOVA and Duncan's test) was performed for analysis of data (a =0.05).Results: 1) There was statistically interaction between two variables of cavity preparation and time interval (P<0.05). 2) In MOD group the most FRACTURE strength was observed at the base line (P<0.05) and there was no significant difference between four and eight year groups. 3) The least FRACTURE strength was related to CCBL group at the base line (P<0.05). 4) The most FRACTURE strength was related to CCL group in four and eight year groups (P<0.05). The most FRACTURE strength was observed in control group (intact teeth).Conclusion: The adhesive packable composite restorations in molars after lingual cusp capping could create a FRACTURE strength similar to intact teeth until four years.

This paper examines the work of Immanuel Kant in the light of a new theory on the nature of truth, knowledge and falsehood (the Inversion Theory of Truth). Kant’s idea that knowledge could be absolutely certain, and that its truth must correspond with reality, is discredited by a dissection of the Correspondence Theory of Truth. This examination of the nature of truth, as well as knowledge and falsehood, is conducted with reference to Sir Karl Popper’s writings on regulative ideas, the criterion of demarcation and the principle of falsifiability. It is argued that if truth is to be regarded as certain, it should be used to describe objects and events in the objective (noumenal) state, and that subjective knowledge must contain (and is improved by) falsehood. Perceptions and knowledge are obtained by the biological and evolutionary process of Active Subjectivism. Ideas we have knowledge of can be metaphysical or scientific, according to Popper’s Criterion of Demarcation. Kant’s “Copernican revolution” claim that our intellect imposes absolutely true laws on nature could not allow for the possibility that ideas might be constructed from fallible perceptions, and hence that all knowledge is uncertain. Instead, he developed a Critique of Practical Reason in which religion, though not provable through logical reasoning, could be proved by our innate moral sense, giving us a Categorical Imperative that could lead to perverse results. By rejecting the absolute certainty of a priori knowledge, and admitting a degree of essential falsehood, we arrive at a more reasonable grounding for moral behavior.